Starting a Business in Indonesia: 10 Challenges Foreign Companies Must Navigate 

For foreign entrepreneurs and investors, Indonesia presents one of Southeast Asia’s most promising markets. With a population of more than 270 million and rapid digital adoption, opportunities abound. Yet for many foreign companies, registering a presence in Indonesia is far from straightforward. A combination of legal complexity, logistical hurdles, and cultural nuance makes local expertise indispensable.

Here are the 10 most common challenges when setting up a business in Indonesia as a foreigner, and why working with experienced consultants can make the difference.

10 Challenges to Start a Business in Indonesia as a Foreigner

1. Complex Legal Framework

Indonesia’s regulatory landscape is notoriously intricate. Businesses must navigate overlapping government policies and evolving rules, from the Positive Investment List to local licensing requirements. Understanding the correct type of legal entity and ensuring compliance with sector-specific restrictions requires in-depth knowledge of the system. Without expert guidance, companies risk costly errors or delays.

2. Choosing the Right Business Structure

Foreign investors must decide whether to establish a local limited liability company (PT PMDN), a foreign-owned company (PT PMA), or a representative office. Each option comes with different rules on foreign ownership, business activities, and governance structure. Selecting the wrong model can limit flexibility or block future expansion.

3. Cultural Sensitivity and Business Ethics

Indonesia is a diverse country with deeply rooted traditions. For businesses entering the Indonesian market, cultural awareness is not optional. Missteps in communication, negotiation, or community engagement can damage reputations and partnerships. Foreign companies must balance international standards with respect for local customs.

4. Logistical Hurdles

With more than 17,000 islands, logistics remains a challenge. Supply chain costs are high, distribution is uneven, and infrastructure gaps persist outside major cities. Businesses that rely on physical goods must invest in efficient logistics planning to ensure competitiveness.

5. Fierce Competition

Sectors like retail, e-commerce, and fintech are saturated with both local players and global entrants. To succeed, businesses need a clear value proposition and strong differentiation strategy. Simply replicating a global model rarely works in the Indonesian market without adaptation to local consumer behaviour.

6. Labour Market Complexity

While Indonesia offers a large workforce, managing human capital is far from simple. Foreign entrepreneurs must understand labour regulations, minimum wage rules, and contract requirements. For small businesses setting up a presence in Indonesia, hiring the right mix of local talent and expatriate expertise can be a balancing act.

7. Currency Volatility

The rupiah remains vulnerable to external shocks. Fluctuations can erode profit margins, especially for companies reliant on imports. Effective financial planning and hedging strategies are essential for mitigating risks tied to currency volatility.

8. Environmental Regulations

Indonesia enforces strict environmental compliance, particularly in industries like mining, agriculture, and construction. Companies must secure environmental permits and ensure that operations meet standards designed to protect natural resources. Failure to comply risks both fines and reputational damage.

9. Tax Complexity and Financial Administration

Indonesia’s tax system is complex, with frequent regulatory updates. From monthly VAT filing to corporate tax obligations, compliance requires precision. Even basic steps like opening a bank account in Indonesia can be time-consuming. For foreign companies, setting up the correct business entity and aligning financial reporting with local law is essential.

10. Intellectual Property Protection

Counterfeiting and piracy remain challenges in Indonesia. Registering trademarks, patents, and copyrights with the Indonesian authorities is critical for protecting brands and innovations. Foreign companies often underestimate the risks until it’s too late.

About Foreign Investment in Indonesia

Foreign investors are also required to navigate immigration and licensing hurdles. This includes securing the right work permit, work visa, or investor visa KITAS before starting operations. The process can be lengthy, requiring accurate documentation and clear sponsorship.

Company Registration Processes

Registering a company in Indonesia involves multiple steps, starting from market research and legal structuring to the Online Single Submission (OSS) system. Companies must identify the correct type of business licenses, choose their legal entity, and in some cases, meet capitalisation requirements such as the IDR 10 billion paid-up capital rule for PT PMAs.

1. Market Research & Feasibility

Before registration begins, investors must evaluate the market landscape — identifying demand, competition, and potential partners. This is particularly important because Indonesia applies the Positive Investment List, which restricts or caps foreign ownership in certain industries. A solid feasibility study ensures you choose a business sector that aligns with both market opportunities and regulatory allowances.

2. Choosing the Right Legal Entity

Indonesia offers several legal entities, but foreign investors typically choose between:

• PT PMA (Foreign Investment Company) which allows foreign ownership, subject to minimum capitalisation rules.
• PT Local, owned by Indonesian nationals only.
• Representative Office (KPPA/KP3A) is a non-revenue-generating, suitable for liaison or market entry studies.

The choice of entity affects everything from shareholding structure and taxation to licensing eligibility and employment of foreign staff. Selecting the correct entity at the outset prevents costly restructuring later.

3. Legal Structuring & Documentation

Once the entity type is chosen, the company must prepare foundational legal documents, including:

• Deed of Establishment (Akta Pendirian) drafted by a notary

• Articles of Association outlining shareholder rights, director duties, and commissioner oversight

• Approval from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights

These documents form the legal identity of the business, determining how it operates and complies with Indonesian corporate law.

4. Meeting Capitalisation Requirements

For PT PMA companies, Indonesia imposes a minimum investment requirement of IDR 10 billion (approx. USD 800,000), of which IDR 2.5 billion is typically required as paid-up capital at establishment. This capital rule ensures that foreign-owned entities are sufficiently funded to contribute to the local economy. Local PTs, however, have different capital thresholds based on whether they are classified as small, medium, or large enterprises.

5. Online Single Submission (OSS) System

All business licenses and permits are now streamlined through the OSS system, managed by the Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM). Through OSS, companies obtain their:

• Business Identification Number (NIB)

• Business License (Izin Usaha)

• Operational/Commercial Permits (depending on sector)

This system centralises what was once a fragmented process, but it requires precision: incorrect entries can delay approvals or trigger compliance audits.

6. Sector-Specific Licenses & Permits

Certain industries such as alcohol, mining, construction, fintech, or healthcare — require special operating permits in addition to the standard OSS licenses. These may involve environmental approvals (AMDAL/UKL-UPL), location permits, or ministry-level validations. Understanding these industry-specific requirements is essential to avoid operational shutdowns later.

7. Post-Registration Compliance

Once registered, a company must comply with ongoing obligations, including:

• Tax registration (NPWP) and monthly/annual filings

• BPJS (Social Security) enrolment for employees

• Labour reporting and, where applicable, approval to hire foreign employees

Start Your Business in Indonesia with LMI Consultancy

Indonesia remains a market of vast opportunity, but starting a business here is not without its obstacles. From legal frameworks to cultural complexity, every stage demands careful attention.

For foreign companies and investors, working with an experienced partner ensures smoother registration, regulatory compliance, and long-term business security.

At LMI Consultancy, we ensure your company’s documents align seamlessly with the technical submissions through the official online submission platform, and advise you on everything you need to know about setting up a company in Indonesia

By outsourcing the complexity to our professionals, investors can focus on their core strategy while ensuring compliance and avoiding delays or costly missteps. Contact us today to jumpstart your journey in Indonesia.